Galen O. Rowe, “Style” in Handbook of Classical Rhetoric in the Hellenistic Period: 330 B.C. – A.D. 400, (Edited by Stanley Porter, Leiden: Brill, 2001), 121-158.
- Tropes (extend, expand, or change meaning of words)
- Metaphor
- Metonymy: name of one thing applied to another with which it is closely associated
- Synechdoche: Part signified by the whole, or the whole by the part
- Emphasis: special or greater meaning than the word itself signifies
- Periphrasis: saying in many words what might be said in few, or roundabout what might be said directly
- Autonomasia: substitution of an appellative, usually a nickname or epithet, for a proper name
- Hyperbole: a fitting exaggeration of the truth in order to make a point
- Litotes: emphatic affirmation be denying the opposite
- Irony: use of words which in the context convey a contrary meaning
- Word Figures
- Epanalepsis: repetition of a word or group of words within the same clause
- Anadiplosis: repetition of a word which ends a clause at the beginning of the next clause
- Climax: ascending order of thought through successive clauses, last word of preceding clause repeated as the first word in next phrase
- Prosapodosis: use of the same word or group of words at the beginning and at the end of a clause or sentence
- Anaphora: when successive clauses begin with the same word or group of words
- Antistrophe: the repetition of the same word at the end of successive clauses
- Symploche: repetition of the same beginning and ending words in a succession of clauses
- Paronomasia: a pun, a play on words which sound nearly the same but have distinctively different meanings
- Traductio: a play on different meanings of the same word or on different words that have the same spelling
- Polyptoton: repetition of a noun or pronoun in different cases at the beginnings of successive clauses
- Metabole: pronouns that change case and also spelling used in successive clauses
- Metaclisis: repeated use of the same word with different inflections elsewhere than at the beginnings of successive clauses
- Synonymia: repetition of a thought in synonymous terms
- Diaphora: repeated use of the same word, which acquires added or different significance in the repetition
- Diairesis: specified roles are assigned among several parts of a whole or several members of a group
- Epitheton: attributive addition to a substantive, such as an adjective or appositive
- Polysyndeton: repeated use of conjunctions
- Ellipsis: the omission of essential grammatical details
- Zeugma: use of a word in one phrase which must be supplied in other parallel phrases in order to complete the meaning
- Asyndeton: omission of conjunctions
- Anastrophe: reversal of the normal sequence of two words that immediately follow one another
- Hyperbaton: separation of two words that syntactically belong together through the insertion of a word or group of words
- Synchesis: an elaborate form of hyperbaton, forms of one syntactic group separated by words from another syntactic group
- Isocolon: two or more coordinate clauses which tend to have the same construction and length (in syllables)
- Chiasmus: feature of isocolon where the second clause reverses the order of the first
- Homoeoteleuton: feature of isocolon in which coordinate clauses end in words that have the same inflections and sounds
- Homoeoptoton: frequent repetition of the same grammatical case within one period or sentence
- Thought Figures
- Deesis: an impassioned request in the name of a god or a special sacred object
- Parrhesia: claiming to use candor, which by appearing to risk the good will of the audience, is intended to acquire their respect for the courage of the speaker
- Apostrophe: turning from the general audience to address a specific person or group
- Erotesis: an affirmative proposition stated in the form of a question to which the answer is obvious
- Pusma: question which demands an answer other than yes or no
- Aitiologia: imaginary dialogue in the form of question and answer
- Aporia: state of feigned helplessness in which the speaker seeks advice as to how to proceed
- Anacoeosis: feigned helplessness in which the speaker asks advice not about speech but about action
- Orismus: a definition which supports the speaker’s case but is not therefore contrary to common opinion
- Epanorthosis: correction or improvement of a remark immediately recognized by the speaker as unsuitable
- Prodiorthosis: attempt to prepare the audience for a shocking or offensive statement
- Antithesis: juxtaposition of opposite meanings
- Prosapodosis: a statement about two or more elements which are elaborated in separate distinguishing clauses
- Antimetabole: the confrontation of a thought and its reverse through the repetition of the same words with switched grammatical functions
- Oxymoron: paradoxical statement combining two terms, which in ordinary usage are contraries
- Exclamatio: abrupt utterance, usually isolated in context by grammar and vocal stress and conveying a strong emotion, such as pity or indignation
- Enargeia: description of a situation or action as if it were present
- Sermocinatio: creation of statements, conversations, soliloquies or unexpressed thoughts attributed to normal persons, real or imagined
- Prosopopoiia: attribution of speech and personality to non-human things
- Epimone: repetition of a thought either in the same words but with changed vocal inflection or in synonyms, which while conveying the same basic meaning, nevertheless adds nuance to it.
- Simile: explicit comparison between the speaker’s subject and a fact of natural life and fixed human experience
- Metabasis: abrupt change of subject or the return to a subject from a digression
- Syneociosis: exploitation of an opponents argument to one’s own advantage
- Proparaskeue: the speaker prepares the audience to attend in a special way to the course of argument about to come
- Synchoresis: admission of truth of an opponents argument which is shown to have no damaging effect on one’s case
- Epitrope: speaker pretends to allow, even to dater, someone to decide or act independently or contrary to the speaker’s position
- Parenthesis: insertion of a grammatically independent clause within a sentence
- Aetiologia: attachment of a reason to a main statement
- Gnome: truism or maxim
- Epiphonema: statement, often in the form of an exclamation, that concludes a line of argument or makes a comment about what has been narrated
- Epitrochasmus: brief enumeration of subjects, events, each of which would otherwise deserve a prolonged treatment. (As like an outline)
- Paraleipsis: the speaker’s stated intention to omit certain subjects which he nevertheless mentions in passing
- Aposiopesis: abrupt breaking off of thought before it has been completely expressed
- Hysterologia: what should logically be said first is last, and vice versa
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